[{"TitleName":"Snail Logo","Publisher":"CP Software","Author":"Mel Davies","YearOfRelease":"1983","ZxDbId":"0008688","Reviews":[{"Issue":{"Name":"Sinclair User Issue 22, Jan 1984","Price":"£0.75","ReleaseDate":"1983-12-15","Editor":"Nigel Clark","TotalPages":172,"HasCoverTape":false,"FlannelPanel":"Managing Editor: Nigel Clark\r\nDeputy Editor: Nicole Segre\r\nConsultant Editor: Mike Johnston\r\nManaging Production Editor: Harold Mayes MBE\r\nSoftware Editor: John Gilbert\r\nProgram Reviewer: Rebecca Ferguson\r\nIllustrator/Designer: Brian King\r\nGroup Advertisement Manager: John Ross\r\nSales Executive: Annette Burrows\r\nProduction Assistant: Dezi Epaminondou\r\nEditorial Assistant: Colette McDermott\r\nManaging Director: Terry Cartwright\r\nChairman: Richard Hease\r\n\r\nSinclair User is published monthly by ECC Publications Ltd.\r\n\r\nTelephone\r\nAll departments\r\n[redacted]\r\n\r\nIf you would like to contribute to any of the Sinclair User group of publications please send programs, articles or ideas for hardware projects to:\r\nSinclair User and Programs\r\nECC Publications\r\n[redacted]\r\n\r\nPrograms should be on cassette and articles should be typed. We cannot undertake to return them unless a stamped-addressed envelope is included.\r\n\r\nWe will pay £10 for the copyright of each program published and £50 per 1,000 words for each article used.\r\n\r\n©Copyright 1984\r\nSinclair User\r\nISSN NO. 0262-5458\r\n\r\nPrinted and typeset by Cradley Print PLC, [redacted]\r\n\r\nDistributed by Spotlight Magazine Distribution Ltd, [redacted]\r\n\r\nCover Photograph: Peter Dawney"},"MainText":"FIRST STEPS TOWARDS PAPERLESS LEARNING\r\n\r\nTheodora Wood considers the current state and the potential of educational software.\r\n\r\nComputers have now found their way into approximately one in 10 British households. Half a million Spectrums alone have been sold and presumably at least twice as many adults and children have unwrapped their cartons and plugged-in their hardware. Some will have caught the programming bug, others are small business users, and a large proportion have been shooting-down the alien hordes.\r\n\r\nSoftware houses were quick to supply the games market and some have provided educational software but it is only recently that the numbers of educational titles have risen, with the large educational publishing houses realising the potential of the market, complete with glossy packaging and nation-wide distribution. At present Britain lags behind the U.S. market, both in the range and number of educational programs available, and is following roughly the same pattern of development.\r\n\r\nThe biggest number of programs available, for both the Spectrum and ZX-81, are of the rule-drill variety. They operate in the same way as the most traditional methods of teaching, by showing examples of the subject to be taught and then testing, sometimes by games. They can be divided into those for the younger age group - three to nine - and those which are aimed at older children as learning packages.\r\n\r\nFor the younger children the lack of reading skill places a greater emphasis on the use of graphics, animation and sound in the programs used to teach bask skills such as letter recognition, counting, simple mathematics. It is important with programs such as those that there should be a substantial element of interaction with the computer - children love pressing buttons. The testing part of the programs provides for that in most cases and duplicates the worksheets and workbooks used in schools throughout the country in electronic form.\r\n\r\nFirst Numbers - Collins Educational, 16K Spectrum, £5.95 - is a series of five programs on one tape illustrating the concept of the electronic workbook. Instead of the examples remaining inert on the page, they bound round the screen in full colour; hopping frogs, seals bouncing balls on their noses, and elephants moving across the screen, rather too slowly, to the tune Nellie the Elephant, all emphasise the numbers one to 10. A program illustrates how to write the numbers by first drawing them on the screen and then flashing arrows following the direction of the pencil, identical to a workbook, except that there the arrows do not flash.\r\n\r\nIn contrast, there is Alphabet - Widget, 48K Spectrum, £5.95 - a program to teach letter recognition which uses no on-screen movement to illustrate its point. Its use of the Spectrum sound capability is lamentable, as the reward for a correct answer is the same for every letter, and can become extremely tedious even for the youngest child. When attempting to teach letter recognition, which is essentially a sound/shape matching activity, it is important that an adult should be present, as without a voice element the objective cannot be realised.\r\n\r\nFor the younger child who has little or no reading ability, better capability of the Spectrum in the area of colour, graphics and sound make it a superior machine to the ZX-81. Moving up the age range, a considerable number of programs operate on the electronic workbook level, from junior up to 0 level and beyond, and they are widely-available either at department stores or by mail order.\r\n\r\nThe ZX-81 appears more regularly in those titles, where more on-screen text can be used and flashing graphics are not so important. That kind of program would be a valuable aid to learning for the motivated child and for examination revision. Rose Cassettes and University Software specialise in that kind of programs.\r\n\r\nQuiz programs are an extension of the question-and-answer format, such as the ones produced by Psion - 16148K Spectrum, £6.95 - for geography and history. Time Traveller - John Wiley, 48K Spectrum only, £9.95 - extends the scope by using the format of an adventure game, complete with wild animals, soldiers and priests, at the same time testing a child's knowledge of history through having to answer questions on historical fact correctly before passing through the time warps from 2000 BC to the present. This type of quiz would obviously have more attractions than the more straightforward versions, and would be more entertaining for groups.\r\n\r\nAll the programs mentioned so far are an extension of traditional teaching methods and provide a paperless way of learning subjects as diverse as O level French revision and the history of inventions. For the younger age groups they could be a valuable aid to learning basic skills, if used for short periods, and should be compared to other hardware aids such as Speak and Spell, the Talking Computer and little Professor to assess their effectiveness.\r\n\r\nThey also provide an introduction to the use of the computer and its keyboard. In the short term a child's interest would be retained probably by the novelty value of using a computer but that may later prove ephemeral as electronic workbooks become a more familiar feature at home and at school. Older children could use them in conjunction with their studies to clarify and identify areas on which they need to concentrate.\r\n\r\nSimulation programs present a real departure from the electronic workbook and use the ability of the computer to deal with interactive variables to the full. Simulation programs at their best place a child in a real situation, engaging attention in an imaginative way. Again, the superior Spectrum graphics and colour invalidate the use of the ZX-81 and most titles are available for 48K Spectrum only.\r\n\r\nHeinemann has produced a package for the eight-to-12 age group, Ballooning, which is accompanied by a glossy booklet explaining ballooning, with its history, development and suggestions for further activities. The balloon moves over a simulated landscape at the top of the screen while a child interacting with information on the dials placed below - altitude, temperature, fuel, rate of climb or fall - controls the upward or downward drift of the craft.\r\n\r\nThe child can stop the action to make a decision more coolly or mark position on a graph relating to altitude and distance, thus simulating a barograph. By practising at the controls of the balloon, a novice balloonist can execute various missions set by the program, some of which are extremely complicated, and in so doing become aware of the interaction between the temperature of the air inside the balloon, its rise and fall and its limitations as a flying machine.\r\n\r\nThe variety of other activities suggested in the accompanying booklet ensures that the program is open-ended and the concepts introduced in the package explored in different ways. Meanwhile, arguments rage as to who has achieved the most number of safe landings. Flight Simulation - 48K Spectrum, Psion, £7.95 - and to a lesser extent Nightflite - 16K Spectrum, Hewson - together with a 16K ZX-81 version, are similar programs suitable for nine-year-olds upwards and continue the theme of flying a machine but with greater difficulty level. Realtime means precisely that and there is no stopping the action to assimilate the information on the dials.\r\n\r\nMap reading and basic navigational skills are also needed to move the aircraft round the landscape in the case of the 48K version, and the impression of reality is enhanced by being in the cockpit, seeing the landmarks below, and experiencing the tilt of the aeroplane in relation to the horizon, as well as the dizzying effect of rushing towards the ground at an increasingly frightening rate.\r\n\r\nSimulation programs prove an imaginative vehicle for the introduction of the terminology used and the concepts involved in a particular activity and accomplish it in a different way from the rule and drill programs; instead of learning by example a child learns by the consequences of actions, albeit within the limitations of a simulated micro-world.\r\n\r\nLearning by direct experience is more valuable than learning by rote and one would expect that more programs of this kind would be available in 1984, to introduce children to a wide variety of concepts and situations.\r\n\r\nThere are also programs for both the Spectrum and ZX-81 which operate in specialist areas not covered by the rule-and-drill format. Programs such as Firework Music and Tuner - 16/48K Spectrum range for 16K ZX-81, Software Cottage, £5 each - introduce children of almost any age to the basics of musical notation, pitch and keyboard use, and are ideal for use where a household has a computer but no musical instruments as, sad to say, only a minority of children retain an interest in playing music beyond a certain age.\r\n\r\nBridge Software produces a program, Night Sky - 16K Spectrum, £8.90 - which shows the stars visible at any time of the day or night from the Midlands - 0°, 52°N - on any day of the year. The second program in the pack shows the stars appearing in order of magnitude, with the 20 brightest stars named. Although operating within a specialist field, this type of program is of note as it adds an extra dimension to the star maps in books; moving the time on hour by hour shows the viewer how the stars rise and fall throughout the night and their positions throughout the year.\r\n\r\nIt also gives city dwellers a chance to look at the stars which are rarely seen through the orange glare of street lights and seen even more rarely at 3 o'clock in the morning.\r\n\r\nThe state of the art of educational software for the Spectrum and the ZX-81 introduces children to the keyboard of the computer - just watch a three-year-old press ENTER - and the notion of paperless work while reinforcing the learning processes involved in gaining skills which are basic to any educational curriculum. They can also introduce new concepts in an exciting way through the use of simulation techniques. None of them however, deals with the use of the computer in the programming field.\r\n\r\nThe Microelectronics Education Programme was designed initially for use in schools and contains some programs which teach skills which are the stepping stones to logic and programming techniques, as well as the more usual rule-and-drill programs. At £24.95 per pack of seven to eight programs, it seems rather expensive for home use but its use in schools is a selling point for distributors such as W H Smith.\r\n\r\nFarmer introduces problem-solving and reasoning to the seven-to-11 group, while Watchperson does a similar task for the eight-to-11 group and includes route planning. Mazes are a graphic way to introduce logical processes and many of them are available in the games section of the software departments of stores.\r\n\r\nTo learn programming as a technique, the most innovative and child- centred way is to use Logo, a high-level language developed at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, under the guidance of Seymour Papert. Instead of using the computer to help a child or young adult to learn certain skills, the user programs the computer to execute commands. Logo enables children from about nine upwards to achieve results which would be much more difficult to achieve using the Basic language common to the Spectrum and ZX-81.\r\n\r\nBy the use of simple commands, a child can instruct a robot/turtle to move round the screen or on the floor, drawing as it proceeds. Imagine telling someone to walk round a square shape; walk 10 steps, then turn right; at that point it would be absolutely essential to know how many degrees to turn through, otherwise the shape would have no chance of being a square. Similarly with Logo and it is in that way that the value of such a program can be seen, as geometric functions are learned not by looking at a text book but by practical use of them in an activity which has been chosen by the child.\r\n\r\nLogo does much more than introduce children to geometric function, however, because by choosing a problem, like drawing a house, the child has to split the activity into its component parts - roof, windows, chimneys - and find the best way of achieving the desired result. That type of problem-solving can be applied to any number and variety of activities and the adult version is well-known as critical path analysis, involving the exploration of logistics to determine the order in which activities are executed.\r\n\r\nLogo also introduces children to the basic concepts of programming in a simplified form - to loops, nested loops et at - and for those who have no immediate knowledge of, or affinity with, those concepts, its simplicity is an easy introduction to them. In future years robots and artificial intelligence will enter many areas of life and a knowledge of the logical way in which a programmable machine works will undoubtedly be a skill which many will need to learn.\r\n\r\nSnail Logo - Spectrum 48K, CP Software, £9.95 - is an example of this type of program which can be used either with the Zeaker turtle on the floor or displays, if desired, a snail moving on the screen.\r\n\r\nThe documentation with the program is excellent, describing the concepts behind it and giving examples of programs to try. They lead the novice from simple routines to more complex ones involving the use of named procedures - subroutines - and variables. Although there are ample facilities to copy the program being worked on, there is no means of saving them, which is very irritating, as obviously children might wish to evolve a program in the space of days or weeks. It would be better also if the snail could be seen on the screen at the same time. No doubt other versions of Logo will be introduced in the coming year.\r\n\r\nLooking back on the development of educational software at the start of 1984, the main impression is that the field has scarcely been explored. Two obvious areas where development is necessary for the Spectrum and the ZX-81 is a simple word processor allowing children to type-in a piece of writing and then correct it, and the interactive database program similar to that of the Tree of Life which runs on the BBC micro.\r\n\r\nPotential exists in the simulation/adventure format and the use of Logo to stimulate children into areas of activity which would be impossible without the use of the computer. While rule-and-drill programs can be a pleasant way of learning basic skills and an introduction to the computer and its keyboard, their over-use could have the opposite effect to that desired by deterring children using computers for life.\r\n\r\nSo what developments can we expect in the next few years? Interactive video must surely be an area to be explored. Based on a combination of personal computers and video tapes or disc players, interactive video will expand the use of the computer as an educational tool by introducing real speech into the learning process and enabling children to interact with the pictures.\r\n\r\nAfter that, perhaps children will learn to program holograms to dance round the room or a myriad of small independent robots will be whizzing round when fed their programs. Educational software? We have only just begun.\r\n\r\nBridge Software, [redacted]\r\n\r\nCP Software, [redacted].\r\n\r\nRose Software, [redacted].\r\n\r\nSoftware Cottage, [redacted].\r\n\r\nUniversity Software, [redacted].\r\n\r\nJohn Wiley & Sons (Sulius Software), [redacted].\r\n\r\nCollins, Widget, Heinemann and Psionare widely available at leading department stores.","ReviewerComments":[],"OverallSummary":"","Page":"110,111,112","Denied":false,"Award":"Not Awarded","Reviewers":[{"Name":"Theodora Wood","Score":"8","ScoreSuffix":"/10"}],"ScreenshotText":[],"BlurbText":[{"Text":"'While rule-and-drill programs can be a pleasant way of learning basic skills and an introduction to the computer and its keyboard, their over-use could have the opposite effect to that desired.'"}],"TranscriptBy":"Chris Bourne","ReviewScores":[{"Header":"Gilbert Factor","Score":"8/10","Text":""}],"CompilationReviewScores":[]},{"Issue":{"Name":"Big K Issue 9, Dec 1984","Price":"£0.85","ReleaseDate":"1984-11-20","Editor":"Tony Tyler","TotalPages":132,"HasCoverTape":false,"FlannelPanel":"Editor: Tony Tyler\r\nAssisted By: Richard Burton\r\nArt Editor: Ian Stead\r\nFeatures: Nicky Xikluna\r\nContributors: Andy Green; Kim Aldis (Features); Steve Keaton; Richard Cook; Richard Taylor; David Rimmer; John Conquest; Nigel Farrier, Duncan Gamble; Tony Benyon; Fin Fahey; Gary Liddon\r\nPublisher: Barry Leverett\r\nPublishing Director: John Purdie\r\nGroup Advertising Controller: Luis Bartlett\r\nAdvertisement Manager: Robin Johnson [redacted]\r\n\r\nEditorial Address: [redacted]\r\nTelephone: [redacted]\r\n\r\nPublished approximately on the 20th of each month by IPC Magazines Ltd. [redacted]. Monotone and colour origination by G.M. Litho Ltd [redacted]. Printed in England by Chase Web Offset, Cornwall. Sole Agents: Australia and New Zealand, Gordon& Gotch (A/sia) Ltd.; South Africa, Central News Agency Ltd. BIG K is sold subject to the following conditions, namely that it shall not, without the written consent of the Publishers first given, be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed of by way of trade at more than the recommended selling price shown on the cover, and that it shall not be lent, resold or hired out or otherwise disposed of in a mutilated constitute or any unauthorised cover by way of trade or affixed to as part of any publication or advertising, literary or pictorial matter whatsoever. IPC MAGAZINES 1984."},"MainText":"THE EXTENDED SPECTRUM\r\n\r\nFin Fahey checks out a smattering of utility programs for Old Rubber Keys.\r\n\r\nSystem Software, as we old computer industry hacks call programming tools, is hardly destined to set the world alight. It smacks of hard work and late night sessions over a hot keyboard and seems light years away from the glamour and fun of, say, a new Melbourne House adventure release. But for people interested in stretching their minds, and their machines, some of these trusty workhorses may well turn out to have hearts of gold.\r\n\r\nBut why go beyond the facilities offered by Sinclair BASIC? (One may well ask.) Quite simply, no machine, and particularly no BASIC interpreter, fills all the needs of the budding programmer, and for a lot of requirements like arcade games, just hasn't got the speed.\r\n\r\nThere area fair number of - packages which just add a few useful commands to BASIC extensions r programmer's toolkits, these generally give you the sort of goodies you've always needed to develop your BASIC programs. There's no line Renumber command on the Spectrum, and for this you'll have to buy a toolkit. The same goes for many other 'system' commands. Trace, to give you a continuous listing of program lines being executed, Map, to tell you which variables have been specified, and Block Delete, so you can get rid of more than one line at a time, to name but a few.\r\n\r\nSuper Toolkit, from Nectarine, has all of these plus such things as a Crunch command, to get all those useless spaces and REMs out of your program before running. It clocks up a total of 12 commands, as does Toolkit from IMS Software, which includes an Auto line-numbering routine. Slightly fewer facilities on CP Software's Spectrum Extended BASIC, only 10 commands in this case, and the only one unique to this package is Find, which will look fora specific string text in your program. CP, however also do Supercode, a machine code toolkit, incorporating a hundred off-the-shelf machine code routines. These include an impressive range of scrolling effects, high-resolution diagonal scroll, low-resolution shutter and ripple scrolls and many others. There are four sound effects generators too, but the truly impressive thing is that you can include CP's code in your own BASIC and machine code programs, an amazing bit of altruism. Each routine has full in-program documentation and a demo mode shows you what they can do. It's got to be good value.\r\n\r\nFrom off-the-shell machine code to creating your own. If you've decided that BASIC's too slow for your program design, then you'll probably want to write machine code. Some people seem quite happy programming this byte by byte as BASIC POKEs, but for really effective development you'll need an assembler. Assemblers allow you to put Z80 code in assembly language, a much more understandable form, even though it's a lot more obscure looking than BASIC. A good assembler will allow you to specify addresses and constants as meaningful labels which makes the code a lot easier to follow. In such a symbolic assembler, the JP instruction (equivalent of BASIC GOTO) could be rendered JP LOOP instead of giving an actual address, say JP $4000.\r\n\r\nBut before actually using one of these things, you may need to learn what it's all about. To help you, there are a number of tutorial programs, and some of these actually allow you to set up and test code. Sinclair's Beyond BASIC offers a tutorial on the internal structure of the Z80 plus lessons on each assembler instruction. These are illustrated with simple moving graphics. There is an experimenter section where you can watch the effects of your own code on memory and registers. Sadly, this one doesn't cover the entire instruction set.\r\n\r\nMore complete is New Generation's Machine Code Tutor. This comes on two cassettes and covers everything. Once again, you can write your own code and 'run' it on a diagrammatic simulator. Although this is rather harder work than Sinclair's, I think it gives a closer feeling to using an actual assembler.\r\n\r\nDream Software also have a simulator. This has much nicer printed documentation than the other two, but unfortunately it describes an imaginary chip which resembles the Z80 in many respects. I think that this may be unnecessarily confusing, but as long as its borne in mind, the transition to the real chip shouldn't be too hard. So now you can get down to some real coding... Sinclair themselves market the Zeus Assembler, which allows full symbolic instructions. Lines of code are entered much as in BASIC, and editing is similar, so this should be an easy one for beginners to move to.\r\n\r\nPicturesque's Editor/Assembler, on the other hand, has a rather better editor than the Spectrum, but the key response seemed a bit slow to me. This latter program is very tolerant about the format in which you enter code.\r\n\r\nVery different from these two is Oasis Software's Spectre Macro-assembler, and I certainly wouldn't recommend this one for beginners. It's a very professional product, but using it is more like learning a new computer language than anything else. It doesn't use Z80 instructions directly; they have to be set up as procedure definitions much as in high-level languages like Forth or Pascal. This makes it very powerful, since it's just like building your own interpreter. But, as I say, not for newcomers.\r\n\r\nAn indispensable tool when developing machine code is some sort of Monitor. A Monitor provides easy ways of getting at memory, moving it, changing it, searching it for particular values, that sort of thing. You can also usually get dumps of Z80 register values and step through a machine code program.\r\n\r\nThe Zeus assembler has a reasonable monitor with it, but Sinclair do a more extensive version as a separate product. This also allows you to Disassemble code, which means to translate machine code back to assembly format. Useful for looking at the ROM, but maybe you'd be better off buying one of the 'Spectrum ROM disassembled' type books which also give explanatory notes. Picturesque's Editor/Assembler has no attached monitor and you have to buy theirs separately, although both programs can be loaded at the same time. Agai, there's a disassembler.\r\n\r\nAssembly language isn't the only way of getting fast code. Scope II, from ISP, is a simple language aimed at producing fast machine-code animation. The makers call it a medium-level language, as it's mid-way between BASIC and assembler. I feel it's rather closer to machine code, but it's certainly a lot easier to use. Once you've written code in SCOPE II, it is boiled down by the program to machine code routines, which can be run without Scope being present, so you develop commercial products, or give copies of your games to your friends without fear of committing piracy.\r\n\r\nThis process of boiling down machine code is known as compilation, and it's possible to do it to BASIC. The only BASIC compiler we had available to look at was Softek's. This is certainly fast. From running a few simple loops, it looks roughly about 150-200 times faster than interpreted BASIC. It does have some serious drawbacks, though. For one, there a quite a few BASIC functions it can't translate, floating-point arithmetic and arrays among them.\r\n\r\nMore seriously, compiled programs will not run without Softek's run-time routines being present. Unfortunately, the company is being quite prickly about this, and are claiming that if you develop your program and compile it with their program. then they've suddenly acquired a share in it, Whatever the legal position, this seems a little dubious to me, and it's certainly a discouragement to using Softek's product for commercial development.\r\n\r\nThe final approach to fast code is to use Forth. This high-level language is closer to machine code than BASIC, and for most purposes runs up to ten times faster. Not spectacular maybe, but it can make a difference. The speed saving is nice, but it's not really the central point about Forth. The language takes a fundamentally different approach to BASIC, and one which provides a much sounder design discipline. It would certainly be easier to write good machine code after a grounding in it.\r\n\r\nForth is known as a 'procedure-oriented' language. That means there's no more complaining about there not being a command in BASIC to do something. If it's not there in Forth, then you just write your own command, which is compiled into the language vocabulary. Although you can theoretically do this in BASIC by using subroutines, compiled procedures are much faster and easier to use. Forth is easier to structure too.\r\n\r\nThere are at least four versions of Forth available on the Spectrum. It's hard to decide between them, but Melbourne House's Abersoft Forth is the only one recognised by the independent Forth interest Group. Sinclair also do a Forth which to my relatively untutored mind seemed much the same, both in terms of speed and usability. Both versions have minimal printed documentation, since they rely on the user going out and acquiring a Forth manual. The sad thing about Forth is that. unless you're a fan of the ill-fated Jupiter Ace, you can't market any of your programs since they won't run without someone else's product.\r\n\r\nWhile on the subject of languages, Logo has been stirring up interest as a teaching language, particularly for younger children. Unfortunately, the version I looked at, Snail Logo by CP Software, really merited its name. Logo is high-resolution graphics oriented, and the user commands a 'turtle', or in this case a snail, to draw shapes on the screen. The CP interpreter turned out to be written in BASIC, so every command is interpreted twice. Slow? I can't imagine anyone, adult, or child, having the patience to work through the manual, let alone use it.\r\n\r\nSomething of a weirdie, but one I find particularly fascinating, is Micro -Prolog, from Sinclair. Prolog represents yet another direction in new languages, and is particularly suited for Artificial Intelligence and linguistic purposes. Its very odd to use after command oriented type languages like BASIC, or even Forth, because a program in Prolog (it stands for PROgramming in LOGic) is mostly a way of organising data, not of setting up a fl ow of commands. Now I've got the point, I want to know more about this one. Sinclair Micro-Prolog's documentation isn't bad either.\r\n\r\nDr Ming back to the problem of generating programs, if you're an adventure game writer, you haven't really got one, The Quill, from Gilsoft, and Dream's Dungeon Builder can both be used to generate adventures of any complexity. We've reviewed them before, and they're both good value. Dungeon Builder has the edge in user-friendliness, and can be used to add graphics to adventures, while Quill has a more mechanistic approach. Both Gilsoft and Dream are perfectly happy for people to market games produced with their packages. Right on!\r\n\r\nOn which cheery note I'll roll the credits and fade to black, but not before noting that this is far from being a complete survey, so if you've discovered an utterly wonderful, or unspeakably awful bit of useful/useless software in this field let us know.\r\n\r\nBASIC EXTENSIONS:\r\nSUPER TOOLKIT from NECTARINE\r\nTOOLKIT from IMS Software\r\nSPECTRUM EXTENDED BASIC from CP Software\r\nPrice: £9.95\r\n\r\nSUPERCODE from CP Software\r\nPrice: £9.95\r\n\r\nMACHINE CODE TUTORIALS: BEYOND BASIC from Sinclair\r\nPrice: £9.95\r\n\r\nTHE COMPLETE MACHINE. CODE TUTOR from New Generation Software\r\nPrice: £7.95\r\n\r\nMACHINE-CODE FOR BEGINNERS from Dream Software\r\nPrice. £0.00\r\n\r\nASSEMBLERS:\r\nZEUS ASSEMBLER from Sinclair\r\nPrice: £12.95\r\n\r\nEDITOR/ASSEMBLER from Picturesque\r\nPrice: £8.50\r\n\r\nSPECTRE MAC-MON from Oasis Software\r\nPrice: £14.95\r\n\r\nMONITORS:\r\nMONITOR/DISASSEMBLER from Sinclair\r\nPrice: £12.95\r\n\r\nSPECTRUM MONITOR from Picturesque\r\nPrice: £7.50\r\n\r\nCOMPILER from Softek\r\nPrice: £9.95\r\n\r\nLANGUAGES:\r\nSCOPE II from ISP\r\nPrice: £11.95\r\n\r\nFORTH from Sinclair\r\nPrice: £14.95\r\n\r\nABERSOFT FORTH from Melbourne House\r\nPrice. £14.95\r\n\r\nSNAIL LOGO from CP Software\r\nPrice: £9.95\r\n\r\nMICRO-PROLOG from Sinclair\r\nPrice: £24.95\r\n\r\nADVENTURE GENERATORS:\r\nTHE QUILL from Gilsoft\r\nPrice: £11.95\r\n\r\nDUNGEON BUILDER from Dream Software\r\nPrice: £9.95","ReviewerComments":[],"OverallSummary":"","Page":"69,70","Denied":false,"Award":"Not Awarded","Reviewers":[{"Name":"Fin Fahey","Score":"","ScoreSuffix":""}],"ScreenshotText":[],"BlurbText":[],"TranscriptBy":"Chris Bourne","ReviewScores":null,"CompilationReviewScores":[]},{"Issue":{"Name":"Personal Computer News Issue 28, Sep 1983","Price":"","ReleaseDate":"1983-09-21","Editor":"Cyndy Miles","TotalPages":90,"HasCoverTape":false,"FlannelPanel":"CHARACTER SET\r\n\r\nEditorial\r\nEditor: Cyndy Miles\r\nAssistant Editor: Geof Wheelwright\r\nProduction Editor: Keith Parish\r\nManaging Editor: Peter Worlock\r\nSub-Editor: John Lettice\r\nNews Editor: David Guest\r\nNews Writers: Ralph Bancroft, Sandra Grandison\r\nHardware Editor: Max Phillips\r\nPeripherals Editor: Ian Scales\r\nFeatures Editor: Richard King\r\nPrograms Editor: Ken Garroch\r\nListings Editor: Wendie Pearson\r\nEditor's Assistant: Harriet Arnold\r\nArt Director: Jim Dansie\r\nArt Editor: David Robinson\r\nAssistant Art Editor: Floyd Sayers\r\nPublishing Manager: Mark Eisen\r\nAssistant Publishing Manager: Sue Clements\r\n\r\nAdvertising\r\nAdvertisement Director: John Cade\r\nGroup Advertisement Manager: Duncan Brown\r\nAdvertisement Manager: Nic Jones\r\nAssistant Advertisement Manager: Mark Satchell\r\nSales Executives: Christian McCarthy, Marie-Therese Bolger, Jan Martin, Julia Dale, Dik Veenman\r\nProduction Manager: Eva Wroblewska\r\nAdvertisement Assistant: Jenny Dunne\r\nSubscription Enquiries: Gill Stevens\r\nSubscription Address: [redacted]\r\nEditorial Address: [redacted]\r\nAdvertising Address: [redacted]\r\n\r\nPublished by VNU Business Publications, [redacted]\r\n© VNU 1983. No material maybe reproduced in whole or in part without written consent from the copyright holders.\r\nPhotoset by Quickset, [redacted]\r\nPrinted by Chase Web Offset, [redacted]\r\nDistributed by Seymour Press, [redacted]\r\nRegistered at the PO as a newspaper\r\n\r\nCover photo by Chris Stevens"},"MainText":"NAME: Snail Logo\r\nAPPLICATION: Turtle Graphics\r\nSYSTEM: 48K ZX Spectrum\r\nPRICE: £9.95\r\nPUBLISHER: CP Software, [redacted]\r\nFORMAT: Cassette\r\nLANGUAGE: Basic\r\nOUTLETS: Mail order\r\n\r\nSNAIL TRAIL\r\n\r\nTed Ball logs onto Snail Logo for the Spectrum, but finds his turtle's still in the soup.\r\n\r\nLogo is a programming language, basically a dialect of Lisp, which was developed at Massachussetts institute of Technology for use in education. The feature of Logo that has received most attention, and which makes Logo particularly suitable for younger children, is Turtle Graphics, which makes it easy to draw pictures on the screen or to control a robot turtle.\r\n\r\nSnail Logo provides a version of turtle graphics, but not the full Logo language, for the 48K ZX Spectrum.\r\n\r\nFEATURES\r\n\r\nTurtle graphics is based on the commands FORWARD and BACKWARD, which draw a straight line of a specified length, and LEFT and RIGHT, which turn the direction of the line a specified number of degrees. By combining these commands you can draw any kind of picture, but for easy and efficient use of the turtle graphics commands you need the full support of a properly designed programming language.\r\n\r\nMIT Logo is a complete structured programming language that allows you to use meaningful variable names, a full range of arithmetic, logical and conditional expressions, functions and procedures with local variables, and recursion. Snail Logo, however, is cut down so much that all the features that make MIT Logo easy to use have been eliminated.\r\n\r\nSnail Logo has the basic turtle graphics commands, FORWARD, BACKWARD, LEFT, RIGHT, DOWN and UP (PENDOWN and PENUP in MIT Logo), which make the subsequent track visible or invisible, and a few additional graphics commands like POSITION, which moves the snail to an absolute position on the screen, and COLOUR, which sets the colour of the snail track.\r\n\r\nThe instruction booklet claims that 'Snail Logo has a language and operating system which provides an advanced version of Turtle Graphics.' and 'Snail Logo language is very high level,' but it is very limited in its commands and syntax. Apart from the actual turtle graphics commands it is just about on the level of assembly language, and in some areas provides fewer facilities.\r\n\r\nVariable names are limited to the letters A to H, and D has a fixed meaning the current direction the snail is pointing. To give a value to a variable you use the command SET V,n where V is the variable name and n is a number. For arithmetic the commands are DECREASE V,n to subtract a number from a variable, INCREASE V,n to add a number to a variable, and MAKE V = expression where expression may be V+V, V-V, V*V or V/V (the Vs don't have to be the same each time).\r\n\r\nTo define loops in Snail Logo you have REPEAT to mark the beginning and RFINISH to mark the end of the loop. Loops may be nested to any level subject to the maximum size allowed for a program or procedure.\r\n\r\nThe commands FORWARD, BACKWARD, LEFT, RIGHT and REPEAT must be followed by a parameter, which may be a variable or a number. If your program requires an expression for the parameter it has to be calculated beforehand and assigned to a variable.\r\n\r\nThe only conditional statements allowed in Snail Logo have the form, IFEND condition, where condition may be one of V=V, V>V, V